Background: The potential for transmission of blood borne infections is highest during handling of needles and sharps. The factors which relate commonly to sharps injuries include the inadequate design or inappropriate placement of sharps disposal container, overfilling of sharps disposal container and inappropriate sharps disposal practices by the care provider during patient treatment. The present study was undertaken to assess the knowledge and practice of sharps use and disposal in dentists practising in government and private sectors and also to provide correct methods and procedure regarding sharp use and disposal to increase awareness. Methods: A questionnaire comprising of 20 self-administered questions regarding knowledge, use and disposal methods of sharps in dentistry was prepared. The questionnaire was sent to 220 dentists practising in Lucknow and nearby area. Out of them 86 dentists in government teaching institute and hospitals, 45 dentists in private teaching institute and hospitals and 29 dentists of private clinic had answered back. The resulting data was compared and statistically analyzed. Result: Only 11% dentists were fully aware about the type of sharps used in the dentistry. 79% of dentists prefer to use gloves always at the time of injection. 81% of the dentists were agreed with use of mechanical needle cutter and electrical needle destroyer to destroy the needle tips, however only 37% were actually using these methods. 66% answered that incineration is best method of fi nal disposal of sharps. Conclusion: There is somewhat lack of motivation and awareness regarding the sharps use and their maintenance among dentists, which needs special attention.

Background: The potential for transmission of blood borne infections is highest during handling of needles and sharps. The factors which relate commonly to sharps injuries include the inadequate design or inappropriate placement of sharps disposal container, overfilling of sharps disposal container and inappropriate sharps disposal practices by the care provider during patient treatment. The present study was undertaken to assess the knowledge and practice of sharps use and disposal in dentists practising in government and private sectors and also to provide correct methods and procedure regarding sharp use and disposal to increase awareness. Methods: A questionnaire comprising of 20 self-administered questions regarding knowledge, use and disposal methods of sharps in dentistry was prepared. The questionnaire was sent to 220 dentists practising in Lucknow and nearby area. Out of them 86 dentists in government teaching institute and hospitals, 45 dentists in private teaching institute and hospitals and 29 dentists of private clinic had answered back. The resulting data was compared and statistically analyzed. Result: Only 11% dentists were fully aware about the type of sharps used in the dentistry. 79% of dentists prefer to use gloves always at the time of injection. 81% of the dentists were agreed with use of mechanical needle cutter and electrical needle destroyer to destroy the needle tips, however only 37% were actually using these methods. 66% answered that incineration is best method of fi nal disposal of sharps. Conclusion: There is somewhat lack of motivation and awareness regarding the sharps use and their maintenance among dentists, which needs special attention.

The normal eruption time of third molar is after 16 years of age. The impaction rate is higher for third molars when compared with other teeth. The aim: of this study was to evaluate mandibular third molars among southern bulgarians. The objects: of evaluation were 1518 dental patients visited four dental practices in Plovdiv, Bulgaria in the period between May 2013 and May 2016. The presence and position of the left and right mandibular third molar, and the type of performed extraction was investigated (3036 records). Results: From 1518 patients, 851 were females, 667 were males. The mean age of patients was 45.31 years with a standard deviation of 15.64 years. The largest part of the third mandibular molars were properly erupted - 28.43% /863 teeth/ from all studied teeth. The incidence of impaction of mandibular third molars was 18.74% /569 teeth/. The frequency of semiimpacted mandibular third molars was 7.48% /227 teeth/. From both - impacted and semiimpacted teeth, 46.86% /373 teeth - 245 impacted and 128 semiimpacted/ show mesioangular impaction. The next most frequent position was vertical – 29.4% /234 teeth, from which 178 were impacted, and 56 were semiimpacted/. Horizontal was position of 92 impacted and semiimpacted mandibular third molars /11.56%/, 76 teeth /9.56%/ show distoangular impaction, 15 teeth /1.88%/ were positioned buccolingually, 6 teeth /0.75%/ were classifi ed as other than mentioned position. The frequency of agenesis of the mandibular third molars was 6.69% /203 missing buds/. The cases of standard extraction of mandibular third molars, representing 25.69% /780 teeth/. Surgical removal of mandibular third molars was observed in 12.65% /384 teeth/.

Purpose: Highlight and discuss the properties of zirconia compared to titanium, in the case of titanium allergies. Materials and methods: The research was divided into 3 themes: Titanium Allergies: clinical cases reported, with the key-words: Titanium allergy; Dental Implants, in the databases MEDLINE / PubMed, Google Scholar and the archives of the library of the Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Porto. Results: Dental implants are a good approach for replacement of lost teeth. Titanium and titanium alloys are the material of choice for fabrication of dental implants. However there is a possibility of allergic reactions occur. In that way, zirconia seems to be a potential alternative to titanium implants because of its biocompatibility, mechanical properties, aesthetics and low plaque affi nity. Conclusions: Zirconia dental implants have the potential to become an alternative however further clinical scientifi c information is needed.

The Ultimate goal of prosthetic replacement following teeth loss, is to provide a functional restoration that is harmonious with the remaining natural dentition .To achieve this goal hard and soft tissues should be properly healed with good quality and adequate volume. In the anterior maxilla the degree of horizontal bone resorption in post extraction site is nearly twice as high as that of vertical bone resorption during fi rst month. An increasingly common strategy is to preserve bone that includes the placement of dental implant into fresh extraction site. Immediate implant placement reduces the amount of time anticipated for loading and the number of surgical interventions which in turn yields higher patient’s satisfaction. Finally elimination of the wait period for primary healing of the soft tissues and regeneration of osseous structure signifi cantly shortens the overall treatment time and transitional state without teeth. This short communication about immediate implant case refl ects upon several steps followed for an immediate placement of dental implant in fresh extraction socket and outlines its advantages.

The development of the tooth involves many complex biological processes, including epithelial- esenchymal interactions, differentiation, morphogenesis, fibrillogenesis and mineralization. After 37 days of development, a continuous band of thickened epithelium forms around the mouth in presumptive upper and lower jaws from the fusion of separate plates of thickened epithelium–primary epithelial band and gives rise to vestibular lamina and dental lamina [1].

Restoration of severely fractured/ decayed teeth requires crown restoration after endodontic therapy which is often major requisite in conservative dentistry. If there is steep incisal guidance and very less overjet then restoration of such crown is not possible with routine post and core followed by crown restoration because of very less incisal clearance. Richmond crown is advisable in such cases as it is single-unit post retained crown with porcelain facing design. Two cases have been discussed here with Richmond crown treatment modality over 2-3 years successful follow-up.

The development of the tooth involves many complex biological processes, including epithelial- esenchymal interactions, differentiation, morphogenesis, fibrillogenesis and mineralization. After 37 days of development, a continuous band of thickened epithelium forms around the mouth in presumptive upper and lower jaws from the fusion of separate plates of thickened epithelium–primary epithelial band and gives rise to vestibular lamina and dental lamina [1].